Cocoa Powder Benefits and Side Effects

Food Catalog / Ingredients, Herbs, and Spices / Cocoa Powder
Written by: Christopher Karam ｜ ✔️ Medically Reviewed by: Dr. Riad M., M.D - G.P and Micheal B., M.D ｜ Last Updated: 2020 March 22
dried cocoa beans
Break down and Background
Cocoa powder (Theobroma cacao), also known as dark chocolate, was introduced by the Spanish in the beginning of the 16 century. Cocoa beans are thought to have first been used by the Maya civilization of Central America for the myriad of health benefits that come with it.

Cocoa powder is a dried, ripen, and fully fermented seed from the Theobroma tree’s cacao seeds, a small evergreen tree from the Malvaceae family. It’s a popular baking ingredient due to its addictive nature and plant-based compounds.

How is cocoa powder made?
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that’s a precursor for the production and secretion of serotonin, the chemical that promotes wellbeing and happiness. Cocoa powder has many health benefits and very few side effects.

From the cocoa pod to natural cocoa powder, there are many, many steps to take before creating a consumable unsweetened organic cocoa powder or dark chocolate.

So how is dark chocolate and cocoa powder made? First, cocoa beans are removed from their pods, later being fermented and then dried, roasted, and ground into a thick cocoa liquor.

The liquor is actually made up of the very fine, broken down bean cell particles and cocoa butter that was tucked inside the cocoa nibs, which were inside of the beans.

The cocoa liquor is then refined from dehusking dried and roasted beans. Later pressed to extract the cocoa butter, leaving behind a cake-like mass made up of pure, fine cocoa bean particles.

Afterwards, the cocoa cake is ground to then make a finalized unsweetened cocoa powder product, that’s rich and dark in color.

Natural cocoa powder is a staple ingredient for everyone who likes baking. Dark chocolate is called for in many chocolate dessert recipes since it adds an intense, bitter chocolatey flavor to everything from cookies, to pies, cakes, and other desserts.

It’s also a somewhat expensive ingredient because it’s an exotic type of vegetable. It's also justified by being very healthy, since it’s full of healthy fats, fiber, protein, and antioxidants.

Helping enhance the taste of many dessert recipes, organic or dutch-process cocoa powder is a versatile ingredient that should be a part of everyone's daily diet since it’s so easy to fit it into your regiment. Unless you’re allergic of course.

You can use cacao powder for it’s wonderful chocolate flavor. Most of the top staple desserts recipes out there include baking powder, baking soda, and chocolate. The baking process of using baking powdebaking soda coupled with cacao enhances it’s chocolaty flavor.

spoon of cocoa powder on a table

Be careful when looking to buy raw natural cocoa powder, as many companies add fillers, additives, and other chemicals to increase the weight volume of the packaging box.

Hot chocolate and regular chocolate powder mixes aren’t raw organic cocoa powder as the instant chocolate powder mixes on the market often include a lot of sugar and emulsifiers, like lecithin, to help the chocolate mix better with water.

Don’t use hot chocolate mix in place of raw cacao when you are baking. They’re definitely convenient, but there are way more health benefits to adding raw ingredients to your food or drinks instead of pre-packaged mixes.

Unless your recipe explicitly asks you to use a hot cocoa mix or dark chocolate powder, just use the raw cocoa powder with your milk or cream instead and add any sweetener you like. Preferably a healthy option like Stevia.

Due to cocoa powder’s nitric oxide and flavanols, cacao can dilate your blood vessels which will improve blood flow and lower blood pressure, which is very useful before and after weight training and cardio workouts.

And who doesn’t like a healthy heaping tablespoon of dark chocolate? It’s one of the most loved and addictive flavors on the planet. So much so that multiple research papers have proven that it can even become addictive in many cases.

The rich intense flavor of natural cocoa powder is delicious with anything including coffee, smoothies and protein shakes, or even oatmeal.

Some people even make savory chocolate sauce recipes, a gravy to add on to their meat of choice, or a dark chocolate chestnut pasta.

raw cocoa powder and cacao nibs

Cocoa Powder Health Benefits
Other than its incredible flavor, there are many other benefits of organic cocoa powder. Many research papers have found that it has impeccable health benefits for your heart, brain, and overall health through weight loss.

There are so many incredible health benefits of eating organic cocoa powder that you won’t believe that something so delicious could be so good for you. These benefits have lasting effects that can improve your health in every aspect.

Brightens Mood, Boosts Happiness, and Reduces Depression

If you’re struggling with irregular mood swings and regulation, cocoa has positive health impacts on the brain which also helps relieve symptoms of depression.

Researchers have displayed that cacao is a natural antidepressant that can healthily increase your levels of happiness.

Cocoa contains nitric oxide the mood-boosting chemicals anandamide. It’s a fatty acid neurotransmitter that helps make people feel slightly euphoric, similarly to THC.

Raw cocoa powders have also been found to have an effect on the reward center of the brain.

Especially due to the transformation of tryptophan to serotonin that naturally occurs in the body. Tryptophan is an amino acid precursor to the formation of new serotonin neurotransmitters in the brain.

ground cocoa powder and cacao beans

Researchers have also found that cocoa interacts with your brain’s neurotransmitters to release dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins, all of which make you feel happier.

Can Boost your Libido and Sexual Performance

Cacao is the pure, unrefined form of chocolate. We eat the seed, which contains another alkaloid called theobromine.

Theobromine acts as a blood vessel widener and is actually used in modern medicine for this purpose.

It also increases blood flow throughout your body because it will lower your blood pressure, reduce inflammation, dilate your arteries.

Cacao can be consumed as a powder, nibs, or whole beans. Another mood-enhancing chemical found in cocoa is phenethylamine, this chemical releases the same endorphins that are released when we fall in love, and so this can help improve your sex life.

In addition, it can also reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke. Mostly linked to the flavanoid contents because it reduces bad LDL cholesterol, improves blood flow, as well as dilates and relaxes your blood vessels, in turn reducing internal inflammation.

Boosts Energy and Helps With Weight Loss

Cocoa powder contains a healthy amount of caffeine and nitric oxide. These help boost energy and fight fatigue.

Not only does it have a good amount of caffeine, but it contains magnesium as well.

theobroma cacao tree with growing beans

Two tablespoons of natural cocoa powder have about 14% of your body’s daily value of Magnesium. Magnesium has been found to keep your body naturally energized.

Magnesium has been found to protect your body against other issues such as high blood pressure, type II diabetes, and osteoporosis. Cocoa is known to be one of the healthiest ways to keep your body energized, awake, and focused.

Due to all of the health benefits natural dark chocolate has on your cardiovascular system and digestive system, there’s been many studies concluding it’s relation with weight loss.

Raising levels of fat oxidation, reducing appetite, controlling blood sugar levels, and insulin sensitivity all help reduce your total weight; mainly targeting your body fat stores.

Boosts your Cardiovascular Health

Cocoa is loaded with the anti-inflammatory antioxidant flavanol and nitric oxide. These antioxidants have been found to improve your heart health and your entire cardiovascular system.

Flavanols and nitric oxide can protect your body against cardiovascular disease, improves your blood circulation and lowers the risk of stroke. Having similar effects to olive oil and coconut oil.

Other antioxidants, called polyphenols, in cocoa are known to help reduce HDL is (bad cholesterol) levels and prevent atherosclerosis, also known as hardening of the arteries.

cacao bean and powder

Boost your Skin Health

You should try to have a daily serving of hot cocoa to have long-lasting, positive health benefits.

Flavanols, nitric oxide, polyphenols have been found to help you protect your cells from premature oxidation this will keep your skin from looking aged or becoming wrinkled.

It can also improve your skin texture and give it a glowing look. In one study, researchers found that dark chocolate helped improve skin microcirculation, skin hydration, as well as reducing skin swelling and inflammation.

You will look more youthful and bright with just a little more cocoa in your diet. Not only does it help your skin, but using cocoa butter as a moisturizer has also been found to keep skin soft and smooth.

You can try making your own skin moisturizer at home with this simple recipe.

High in Polyphenols, Flavanols, and Antioxidant Enzymes

Flavanols and polyphenols are naturally occurring antioxidants that are rich in foods like nuts, certain vegetables, teas (such as earl grey tea, green tea, oolong tea, and white tea), berries and exotic fruits, chocolate, white wine, and red wine.

They’ve had extensive research linking to improved blood flow, stabilizes blood sugar levels, increases your basal metabolic rate and fat burning processes, heart health, reduces inflammation, and boosts insulin sensitivity.

Natural 70% dark chocolate is one of the richest sources of phenolic compounds, polyphenols, flavanols, and flavanoids which all have powerful antioxidants and the ability to reduce inflammation.

cacao nibs

Because these compounds improves blood flow through your body, this reduces your risk of neurodegenerative diseases and brain function.

These actually go through the blood-brain barrier and supplies nutrients to the brain for the production of neurons and other necessary molecules for proper functioning.

Multiple studies found that daily intake of cocoa flavanols raised the blood flow to the brain by 8% to 11% during a time span of just 2 weeks.

Reduces High Blood Pressure and Improves Heart Health

Raw natural cocoa powders and dark chocolate forms of cacao beans both have equal strengths in helping lower blood pressure.

The purer the powder, the better the effects. A large number of flavanoids are lost during commercial processing, so buying the most unprocessed, raw, and natural cocoa powder product is most optimal.

Mostly linked to the high levels of flavanols and flavanoids, cocoa increases nitric oxide levels in your blood which strengthens blood vessels, arteries, and your heart.

Can Improve Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

In actuality, cocoa is full of anti diabetic reactions. The flavanols slow down the carbohydrate absorption and digestion in your gut, raises insulin secretion of the pancreas.

It also makes the transfer of energy from glucose in the blood to your muscles more efficient and internally reduces inflammation in people who are diabetic or non-diabetic.

dark chocolate bar godiva on a table

Protects Against Certain Types of Cancer

All of the flavanols, flavanoids, anti-inflammatory reactions, antioxidants, polyphenols, and phenolic acids all contribute to the strengthening of your gut biome and immune system.

80% of your immune system cells reside near the small intestine and large intestine, having a strong gut biome is your best line of defense against infections, viruses, diseases, and cancer.

Multiple test-tube studies on unsweetened cocoa powder being able to protect cells from degenerative and oxidative damage, inhibits cancerous cell growth and spread, as well as induces and facilitates cancer cell death due to it’s high levels of flavanols.

Cocoa Powder Side Effects and Detriments
Negatively Interacts With Many Medications
One of the biggest factors that hinders global, general public use is its negative interactions and side effects with multiple medications.

Adenosine (Adenocards) negatively interacts with cacao because it contains caffeine. The caffeine in cocoa can block the effects of the medication since caffeine attaches to the same neural receptors that Adenosine binds to.

Adenosine is often used by doctors to perform tests for the heart, primarily used as a cardiac stress test and for facilitating sleep since it’s a vasodilator. Stop taking cocoa or other caffeine-containing products at least 24 hours before a cardiac stress test.

Clozapine (Clozaril) is an atypical antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia, decreasing the rate of suicidal behavior. The body breaks down and metabolize clozapine in order to get rid of it.

The caffeine in cocoa decreases how quickly the body metabolizes clozapine, increasing its concentration. Taking cocoa along with the medication can increase the effects and side effects of clozapine.

Dipyridamole (Persantine) inhibits PDE5 in the blood, which inhibits blood clotting and causes blood vessel dilation. Dipyridamole negatively interacts with the caffeine in cocoa as it might block the effects of dipyridamole.

Caffeine interferes with the dilation of your arteries and increases coagulation of your blood, reducing the blood thinning effects of dipyridamole.

Ergotamine (Ergomar) is an alkaloid that’s structurally similar to a neurotransmitter. It behaves an a vasoconstrictor to reduce the blood flow through the cardiovascular system, used to treat acute migraine attacks.

Caffeine can increase how much Ergotamine the body absorbs. Taking cocoa powder along with Ergotamine may increase the effects and side effects of the medication.

Estrogen pills (Estradiol). While the body breaks down the caffeine found in cocoa powder. Estrogen decreases how the speed at which your body breaks down caffeine, no matter the source.

Taking caffeine along with foods containing estrogen or estrogen supplements may cause jitteriness, headaches, an increased heart rate, and other side effects. If you take estrogen supplements, you should limit or in some cases restrict your caffeine intake.

raw cacao powder

Rating and Recommendation
Extremely Recommended

Going through the huge list of health benefits and side effects of cocoa powder, it's a very easy inclusion in your diet.

Dark chocolate is a staple ingredient in modern day cuisine and baking recipes because it has a unique flavor, it’s even used by the health conscious because it has amazing health impacts.

Here’s the full list of the health benefits of cocoa powder:

Brightens Mood, Boosts Happiness, and Reduces Depression

Can Boost your Libido and Sexual Performance

Boosts Energy and Aids With Weight Loss

Boosts your Cardiovascular Health and Overall Heart Health

Boost your Skin Health and Brain Health

High in Polyphenols, Flavanols, and Antioxidant Enzymes

Reduces High Blood Pressure and Improves Heart Health

Can Improve Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Protects Against Certain Types of Cancer

Here’s the list of side effects of cocoa powder:

Negatively Interacts With Many Medications

And the list of medications that can cause harm, it clashes with:

Adenosine

Clozapine

Dipyridamole

Ergotamine

Caffeine

Estrogen Pills

Due to cocoa's great flavor, boost of mental and physical health, and especially the boost in sex drive, is highly recommended to include into your daily diet.

Although the side effects can cause harm when consumed with chemicals found in certain medicines, it's best to avoid consuming any other form or product while taking these medications.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Is Cocoa Powder?
Cocoa, also known as cacao or chocolate is a dried and fermented seed coming from the theobroma tree. It's the basis for anything made of chocolate.

The theobroma tree is native to the Amazon basin and Aztec cultures in South America. Popularized by the Spanish, they brought and distributed the seeds to major continents like Europe, Asia, and West Africa.

A theobroma tree can only grow properly in tropical areas accompanied by lots of rain. Unlike most other exotic trees, it's able to be harvested multiple times per year.

The cacao pods fruits that grow from the tree are either green, purple, or red when young; but become a lighter shade of yellow and orange when fully matured.

The pods have a rough leather like texture encapsulating the beans.

The Ivory Coast is the largest exporter of pods and beans globally. Currently at around 2,100,000 tonnes per year. While the United States and Germany are the largest importers at around 2.8$ billion and 2.33$ billion dollars worth respectively.
Is Cocoa Powder Vegan?
Yes, cocoa products are all vegan by nature. Specifically, it's the seeds of the fruit originating from the theobroma tree.

Although some chocolate products have milk, eggs, and other animal products. Pure dark chocolate powder products have no animal products at all, making them safe for all vegans.
Is Cocoa Powder Healthy?
Yes, cocoa powder is very healthy actually. There are so many positive health benefits that come from including it into your diet.

It can: 1. Brighten your Mood, Boosts Happiness, and Reduces Depression

Can Boost your Libido and Sexual Performance

Boosts Energy and Aids With Weight Loss

Boosts your Cardiovascular Health and Blood Flow

Boost your Skin Health

High in Polyphenols, Flavanols, and Antioxidant Enzymes

Reduces High Blood Pressure and Improves Heart Health

Can Improve Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Protects Against Certain Types of Cancer

Where To Buy Cocoa Powder, Beans, or Nibs?
There are many places like amazon, walmart, and other supermarkets that sell organic, natural cocoa powder, beans, or nibs

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I am culling my collection, especially eyeshadows. Most of these are sample baggies that have been decanted into mini jars and have been tested or used once or twice, but I'm getting rid of these because I never reach for them. The labels may be a little worn since they were peeled off the baggies with varying degrees of success and have been knocking around in a makeup drawer.
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Antoinette

[Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory] Martin Bormann, the head of the Nazi Party after Hitler's death, was the Paraguayan millionaire who fabricated the fake Golden Ticket. He did so to try and steal Wonka's business secrets.

tl;dnr: What it says in the title. Martin Bormann, coming out of hiding as a Paraguayan millionaire with a supposed Golden Ticket, sought entrance into Wonka's Chocolate Factory. Bormann likely assumed that he could either buy Wonka off with his wealth, and/or to try to steal Wonka's business secrets by gaining entrance to his factory.
Evidence I: Martin Bormann, Nazi and South American Millionaire
It's been confirmed that the Paraguayan millionaire who produced the Golden Ticket is, in fact, Martin Bormann, who assumed leadership of the Nazi Party after Hitler's death.
While the director claims that he meant to use Bormann's photo as a joke, especially given the claims of "Nazis fleeing to South America" after WWII. However, for the sake of this theory, and assuming that the Wonka-verse is an alternate universe from our own, that Bormann, who died shortly after Hitler in our universe, indeed managed to flee to South America successfully after WWII.
Let's say that Bormann, in the Wonka-verse, then somehow makes a fortune by going into business, becoming a millionaire by 1971, the year the events of the film, for argument's sake, take place in.
Evidence II: Why Bormann Fabricated a Golden Ticket
If Bormann is a "Paraguayan millionaire", then what Bormann made his millions in, or from? Given how Veruca Salt's father made his fortune in the peanut industry, another candy-related sector, let's assume that Bormann made his millions in none other than the cocoa, or chocolate, industry.
More specifically, Bormann likely made his fortune as one of South America's "cocoa barons".

During the late 19th and much of the 20th century, a small patch of paradise in southern Bahia, a state in Northeast Brazil, was the #1 producer of cocoa in the world. It was also the realm of Brazil’s cocoa barons.
Cacao trees were native to the Brazilian Amazon. But in the 1700s, Brazilian colonists decided to see if cacao would take to the fertile soil of the coastal region surrounding the tiny town of Ilhéus. Cacao thrives in the shade, and the native Atlantic forest – a rainforest more ancient than the Amazon – provided a natural canopy that allowed trees to reach heights of 40 feet.
In the late 1800s, spurred on by industrialization, the world’s cocoa market exploded. Adventurers from Brazil and around the world sailed, rode and even walked to Bahia’s “Cocoa Coast.” Many dreamed of making vast fortunes by planting this cash crop. For decades, precious cocoa was known as “black gold.”
Planters who grew rich from its trade became known as “cocoa barons.”
In keeping with their title, the “barons” built grand plantation estates furnished with the finest European trappings. They drove to Ilhéus in gleaming American automobiles and checked into grand hotels. They wiled away days at luxurious beach houses with names such as Praia dos Milionários (Millionnaire Beach). At night, they gambled away fortunes while drinking Champagne, and smoking cigars lit with 500,000 real bills.
On Sundays, lavishly attired cocoa baronesses went to mass at the new and opulent São Sebastião Cathedral. Meanwhile, their husbands took refuge in the nearby Bar Vesúvio. From the bar, a secret passage led to the Bataclan. In this swank “cabaret,” barons could indulge in more earthly pursuits with European call girls. The chime of church bells warned them that services were ending. That masses lasted three hours was due to an agreement between the barons and priests. Those who gave extra long sermons were handsomely rewarded. (Source)

Additionally, Bormann being a cocoa baron, while tying in with his potential motivation for fabricating the Golden Ticket (not only bringing attention to himself, but his business, as well as giving him a shot at the grand prize), also fits with his past as a particularly sadistic, anti-Semitic Nazi.
While cocoa farmers suffered, their baron bosses made millions.

...there was a lot of resentment about the wealth of the so-called cacao colonels -- the owners of large plantations -- compared to the lives of the farm workers.
"Cacao elites used to say that the best doctor in the area was Varig and Vasp, which were the two airlines that would take you out of town," said Mary Ann Mahony, a professor of history at Central Connecticut State University. "In the '80s, there was no running water, no indoor plumbing, no electricity, nothing."
[...] "[The farmers themselves] were very poor," Aquino recalled. "They wouldn't know how to read and write." Mahony recalled seeing payroll sheets from the 1970s, where workers "were signing with their fingerprint, because they were illiterate."
Novelist Jorge Amado describes the scene aptly in his book, The Golden Harvest. Ilheus is "a city of money and cabarets, of dauntless courage and dirty deals."
And on the cacao plantations, "the cacao fields are the work, the home, the garden, the cinema, often the cemetery of the workers. The enormous feet of the hired hands look like roots, bearing no resemblance to anything else. The visgo of cacao sticks to their feet and never comes off, making them like the bark of the trunk, while malaria gives them the yellow color of nearly ripe pods, ready for picking."
"There were slaves that worked in cacao," Mahony summarized. "Most of the people who worked for [the cacao colonels] lived in illiteracy and darkness."
[...] "It's related to being bad or not. The employer had the right to take from the employee clothes, food, house," Aquino recalled. "The minimum wage was so little." Many employers took advantage of this system. (Source)

Additionally, agriculture in Paraguay, unlike in Brazil, was just having the start of its expansion in 1971.

Growth in agriculture was very rapid from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, a period when cotton and soybean prices soared and cropland under cultivation expanded as a result of agricultural colonization.
Growth in agriculture slowed from an average of 7.5% annual growth in the 1970s, to approximately 3.5% in the mid-to-late 1980s. (Wikipedia)

Evidence III: Wonka's Awareness / Planting Spies
It's well-known, even within the movie itself, that Willy Wonka himself was not only aware of the potential consequences and implications of his Golden Ticket event, but that he kept his desired outcomes fully, tightly controlled.
This is evidenced by his use of one of his employees, Wilkinson, as an actor for "Slugworth" to tempt the children with money; as well as the "convenient" locations [and winners] of all five of the true Golden Tickets, among other pieces of evidence, as seen in this theory here, as well as one here.
It's quite obvious that the entire purpose of Wonka holding the Golden Ticket event to begin with was to find a worthy heir and successor, one he could bestow his chocolate factory onto. Enter Martin Bormann, South American cocoa baron millionaire, who, like everyone else, hears of Wonka's Golden Ticket sweepstakes.
Bormann, also a mega-weathy businessman, and one clearly who built his millions over the years, likely also did what Wonka did: send out spies, or "feelers", to research Wonka, and gather as much information as possible on Wonka and his factory.
It's even quite plausible that Bormann, if a giant in the cocoa / chocolate industry, may have been one of Wonka's direct rivals...or, as a major cocoa seller and supplier, "played the field" among chocolate and candy makers, or sought to be one of the ones to steal Wonka's secrets. Bormann may have even sought to steal Wonka's secrets to purposefully distribute among other chocolate makers, as competition often helps drive additional profits...and more chocolate makers means more clients to buy Bormann's cocoa, and more money for Bormann.
Indeed, Grandpa Joe, who used to work for Wonka in the 2005 adaptation, also has this exchange with Wonka:

Grandpa Joe: Mr. Wonka, I don't know if you remember me, but I used to work here in the factory.
Willy Wonka: Were you one of those despicable spies who everyday tried to steal my life's work, and sell it to those parasitic, copy-cat candy-making cads?
Grandpa Joe: No, sir.
Willy Wonka: Wonderful, welcome back.

This follows the book as well:

Years before Charlie had his visit to the factory, Willy Wonka ran his candy business with regular workers, not "little funny colored people." But because Willy Wonka was the greatest candy maker in the land, his enemies sent spies into his factory, stole his ideas, and recreated his greatest candy creations.
This produced overwhelming paranoia in Mr. Wonka. His solution? Fire all his workers and shut down his factory. In fact, it's revealed in the first movie that Grandpa Joe used to work in Wonka's factory and was one of the unlucky workers let go (an addition from the story in the original book).
So, rather than develop a security solution or management solution to deal with these spies, like a sane person would, Willy Wonka fired his entire workforce. In the case of Charlie's parents, the Buckets, and probably numerous other families who relied on those jobs for their livelihood, it pushed them into poverty.
The degree of misery caused by Wonka's decision never made it into the story. Although we hear nothing about the town where the factory resides, it's probable that the city, or at the very least the neighborhood, was decimated by that decision. Yet, instead of being thought of as a villain, Willy Wonka is considered a hero. He's the creative genius who just wasn't allowed to be free to be himself and do his thing. (Source)

Given this addition, there's a few things that stand out to me: one, that Wonka was clearly so upset, and so angry, at discovering the spies at his factory, or at his wit's end, that he fired everyone; and two, that he did so in a way that implies that, instead of viewing his employees as people, he viewed them as servants, or even slaves...ones that he could dismiss at a moment's notice.
To this end, in both the 1971 and 2005 adaptations, Wonka doesn't seem to develop more perspective for how badly he treated his former workers and employees (Grandpa Joe and the Bucket family included) until he discovers, and "adopts", the Ooma Loompas. With the Oompa Loompas, Wonka seems to learn how to treat others with compassion, giving the Oompa Loompas a safe haven and home, and voicing his feelings of pity and sympathy for their plight.
Wonka's previous, callous attitude towards his workers and employees, especially given the poor treatment of South America's "cocoa barons" towards their farmers, to me, points to Bormann and Wonka having had a previous, close relationship / business partnership, perhaps even a friendship. This is especially true, given that Wonka would be several decades younger than Bormann (Gene Wilder was 37-38 years old when he filmed his role as Wonka; by 1971, Bormann would have been around 71 years old, with a birth year of 1900).
Bormann likely provided, and sold, South American cocoa initially (exclusively) to Wonka as part of a business partnership, and likely even helped Wonka grow his chocolate empire and business (as Wonka selling more chocolate meant more cocoa profits / sales for Bormann)...before ultimately Bormann got greedy, sending spies to Wonka's factory, and also supporting and selling to other chocolate and candy makers, like Slugworth.
Additionally, Bormann, being an older millionaire, may have even provided the initial investment, or money, to Wonka to build his chocolate factory, and start his business empire, to begin with.
This also explains how, and why, Wonka previously saw it as "more than acceptable" to fire all of his workers at once, and seemingly, close his factory: he learned it from Bormann. Feeling utterly betrayed by his own cocoa provider and business partner, Wonka lashed out, utterly withdrawing from the public eye...but he never forgot what Bormann, and his enemies and rivals, did.
Indeed, Wonka, with his idea for the Golden Tickets, and after what happened to him with the spies incident, directly anticipated his enemies and rivals trying to, once again, steal his secrets. This is evidenced in the film when Wonka pays Wilkinson to pose as Slugworth, offering a "test" to each of the children, to see which one of the kids would be able to withstand temptation and manipulation from corrupt, greedy businessmen. Indeed, Slugworth "whispering" into each child's ear seems to mirror the plausible recreation, or echo, of Bormann (or another greedy buisnessman) having "whispered" into a young Wonka's ear, tempting and offering him money.
However, there was one thing that Wonka did not take into account: that Bormann would try other cunning, sneaky methods to try and gain access to Wonka's factory...or that his sweepstakes actually didn't prevent a rival businessman from obtaining a Golden Ticket.
Evidence IV: The "Fake" Golden Ticket
From the film, we know that Bormann supposedly fabricated the "fifth Golden Ticket". Yet that Golden Ticket was somehow "proven to be fake".
I see two potential options for what actually happened, or may have happened:

Bormann, indeed, fabricated the Golden Ticket. However, Wilkinson, posing as Slugworth, approaches Bormann, and sees that the ticket is fake, or another employee of Wonka's claims it's fake...or Wonka himself leaks, or announces, that the Ticket is a "fake", as he knows the location of the last Golden Ticket, and it's not in Paraguay, but the UK.
Bormann, like Veruca Salt's father, paid his employees to find him the Golden Ticket. Thus, his Golden Ticket was real, but because Bormann was an adult, as well as a millionaire (along with the other speculation I mentioned above), Wonka, or his representative(s), claimed that Bormann's Ticket was a fake. [According to the original drafts of the book, Wonka also sent out seven (7), not five (5), Golden Tickets, which would also explain this; Wonka may have quietly produced 1-2 more Golden Tickets, in case of scenarios like this.] Or Wonka stole or confiscated Bormann's Ticket, claimed it as a fake, and then resent it out, this time to its "intended target", Charlie Bucket.

Guide to the Jungle

Jungles are not just tigers and primitive tribes. They are a thriving ecosystem that comprises many terrains, each with its own plant and animal life and challenges to character survival.
It is the goal of this post to add some more visual and literary terms to your DM vocabulary, as well as presenting some thoughts on survival and a list of potential monsters.
Never get out of the boat. Absolutely goddamn right, unless you were goin' all the way. ~~Kurtz~~ Hippo got off the boat. He split from the whole fuckin' program.

Post Soundtrack

NOTE: This was a bitch to put together. "Jungle" ain't really a thing. Its a catch-all term. I've had to trim a lot of ideas down and cut some out altogether just to keep from dipping into factoid overload. Strap in, this is a long one.

Geographical Traits

A jungle is land covered with dense vegetation dominated by trees. Application of the term has varied greatly during the last several centuries. Jungles in Western literature can represent a less civilized or unruly space outside the control of civilization: attributed to the jungle's association in colonial discourse with the British Raj. Therefore, the nearest equivalent scientific term is probably monsoon and seasonal tropical forest.
There is no standard jungle. The tropical area may be any of the following:

Rain Forests
Secondary Jungles
Semi-evergreen Seasonal and Monsoon Forests
Scrub and Thorn Forests
Savannas
Swamps

Rain Forests

There are five layers of vegetation in a rain forest. Where untouched by man, jungle trees rise from buttress roots to heights of 60 meters. Below them, smaller trees produce a canopy so thick that little light reaches the rain forest floor. Seedlings struggle beneath them to reach light, and masses of vines and lianas twine up to the sun. Ferns, mosses, and herbaceous plants push through a thick carpet of leaves, and a great variety of fungi grow on leaves and fallen tree trunks.
Because of the lack of light on the rain forest floor, there is little undergrowth to hamper movement, but dense growth limits visibility to about 50 meters. You can easily lose your sense of direction in this jungle, and it is extremely hard for aerial creatures to see you.
Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests between 250 and 450cm (98 and 177 in), and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests.

Secondary Jungles

Secondary jungle is very similar to rain forest. Prolific growth, where sunlight penetrates to the jungle floor, typifies this type of forest. Such growth happens mainly along river banks, on jungle fringes, and where man has cleared rain forest. When abandoned, tangled masses of vegetation quickly reclaim these cultivated areas. You can often find cultivated food plants among this vegetation.

Semi-Evergreen Seasonal and Monsoon Forests

The characteristics of the these forests:

Their trees fall into two stories of tree strata. Those in the upper story average 18 to 24 meters; those in the lower story average 7 to 13 meters.
The diameter of the trees averages 0.5 meter.
Their leaves fall during a seasonal drought.
Except for the sago, nipa, and coconut palms, the same edible plants grow in these areas as in the tropical rain forests.

You find these forests in portions of Columbia and Venezuela and the Amazon basin in South America; in portions of southeast coastal Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique in Africa; in Northeastern India, much of Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Java, and parts of other Indonesian islands in Asia.

Tropical Scrub and Thorn Forests

The characteristics of these forests:

There is a definite dry season.
Trees are leafless during the dry season.
The ground is bare except for a few tufted plants in bunches; grasses are uncommon.
Plants with thorns predominate.
Fires occur frequently.
You find tropical scrub and thorn forests on the west coast of Mexico, Yucatan peninsula, Venezuela, Brazil; on the northwest coast and central parts of Africa; and in Asia, in Turkestan and India.
Within the tropical scrub and thorn forest areas, you will find it hard to obtain food plants during the dry season. During the rainy season, plants are considerably more abundant.

Tropical Savannas

The characteristics of the savanna:

It looks like a broad, grassy meadow, with trees spaced at wide intervals.
It frequently has red soil.
It grows scattered trees that usually appear stunted and gnarled like apple trees. Palms also occur on savannas.
You find savannas in parts of Venezuela, Brazil, and the Guianas in South America. In Africa, you find them in the southern Sahara (north-central Cameroon and Gabon and southern Sudan), Benin, Togo, most of Nigeria, northeastern Zaire, northern Uganda, western Kenya, part of Malawi, part of Tanzania, southern Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and western Madagascar.

Swamps

Saltwater

Saltwater swamps are common in coastal areas subject to tidal flooding. Mangrove trees thrive in these swamps. Mangrove trees can reach heights of 12 meters, and their tangled roots are an obstacle to movement. Visibility in this type of swamp is poor, and movement is extremely difficult. Sometimes, streams that you can raft form channels, but you usually must travel on foot through this swamp. Everything in a saltwater swamp may appear hostile to you, from leeches and insects to crocodiles and caimans. Avoid the dangerous animals in this swamp.
You find saltwater swamps in West Africa, Madagascar, Malaysia, the Pacific islands, Central and South America, and at the mouth of the Ganges River in India. The swamps at the mouths of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers and rivers of Guyana consist of mud and trees that offer little shade. Tides in saltwater swamps can vary as much as 12 meters.

Freshwater

You find freshwater swamps in low-lying inland areas. Their characteristics are masses of thorny undergrowth, reeds, grasses, and occasional short palms that reduce visibility and make travel difficult. There are often islands that dot these swamps, allowing you to get out of the water. Wildlife is abundant in these swamps.

Terrain

Because explorers initially traveled through tropical forests largely by river, the dense tangled vegetation lining the stream banks gave a misleading impression that such jungle conditions existed throughout the forest. As a result, it was wrongly assumed that the entire forest was impenetrable jungle. This in turn appears to have given rise to the second popular usage of jungle as virtually any humid tropical forest. Jungle in this context is particularly associated with tropical forest, but may extend to cloud forest, temperate rainforest and mangroves with no reference to the vegetation structure or the ease of travel.
One of the most common meanings of jungle is land overgrown with tangled vegetation at ground level, especially in the tropics. Typically such vegetation is sufficiently dense to hinder movement by humans, requiring that travelers cut their way through. This definition draws a distinction between primary forest and jungle, since the under-storey of tropical forests is typically open of vegetation due to a lack of sunlight, and hence relatively easy to traverse. Jungles may exist within, or at the borders of, tropical forests in areas where the forest has been opened through natural disturbance such as hurricanes, or through humanoid activity such as logging. The successional vegetation that springs up following such disturbance of rainforest is dense and impenetrable and is a ‘typical’ jungle. Jungle also typically forms along forest margins and along stream banks, once again due to the greater available light at ground level.
Tropical seasonal forests and mangroves are commonly referred to as jungles of this type. Having a more open canopy than rainforests, seasonal forests may have denser under-storeys with numerous lianas and shrubs making movement difficult, while the prop roots and low canopies of mangroves produce similar difficulties.
The jungle environment includes dense forests, grasslands, swamps, and cultivated areas. Forests are classified as primary and secondary based upon the terrain and vegetation. Primary forests include tropical rain forests and deciduous forests. Secondary forests are found at the edges of both rain forests and deciduous forests and in areas where jungles have been cleared and abandoned. These places are typically overgrown with weeds, grasses, thorns, ferns, canes, and shrubs. Movement is especially slow and difficult. The extremely thick vegetation reaches a height of 2m (6.5ft) and severely limits observation to only a few meters.
Tropical rain forests consist mostly of large trees whose branches spread and lock together to form canopies. These canopies, which can exist at two and three different levels, may form as low as 10 meters from the ground. They prevent direct sunlight from reaching the ground, causing a lack of undergrowth on the jungle floor. Extensive above-ground root systems and hanging vines are common and make vehicular travel difficult; foot movement is easier. Ground observation is limited to about 50 meters and air observation is nearly impossible.
Deciduous forests are in semitropical zones that have both wet and dry seasons. In the wet season, trees are fully leaved; in the dry season, much of the foliage dies. Trees are usually less dense than in rain forests, which allows more sunlight to filter to the ground. This procedure produces thick undergrowth. During the wet season, air and ground observation is limited and movement is difficult. During the dry season, both improve.
Swamps are common to all low, jungle areas where there is poor drainage. When navigating in a swampy area, a careful analysis of map and ground should be taken before any movement. There are two basic types of swamps—mangrove and palm. Mangrove swamps are found in coastal areas wherever tides influence water flow. Mangrove is a shrub-like tree that grows 1m (3ft)to 5m (16ft) high. These trees have a tangled root system, both above and below the waterline, which restricts movement either by foot or small boat.
Grassy plains or savannas are generally located away from the equator but within the tropics. These vast land areas are characterized by flatlands with a different type of vegetation than jungles. They consist mainly of grasses (ranging up to more than 3.5m (12ft) in height), shrubs, and isolated trees.
Bamboo stands are common throughout the tropics. They should be bypassed whenever possible. They are formidable obstacles and movement through them is slow, exhausting, and noisy.
Cultivated areas exist in jungles also. They range from large, well-planned, well-managed farms and plantations to small tracts, cultivated by farmers. The three general types of cultivated areas are rice paddies, plantations, and small farms.

Rainforest Structure

A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers, each with different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular area. Examples include the emergent, canopy, understorey and forest floor layers.

Emergent Layer

The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees called emergents, which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 55m (180ft), although on occasion a few species will grow to 80m (262ft) tall. They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. Eagles, butterflies, bats and certain monkeys inhabit this layer.

Canopy Layer

The canopy layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30m (98ft) to 45m (148ft) tall. The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species. Epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy. Scientists have long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat, but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it. The science of accessing tropical forest canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is called dendronautics.

Understory Layer

The understory or understorey layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. It is home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards, as well as predators such as jaguars, boa constrictors and leopards. The leaves are much larger at this level and insect life is abundant. Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understory. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches the understory. This layer can be called a shrub layer, although the shrub layer may also be considered a separate layer.

Forest Floor

The forest floor, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. It also contains decaying plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.
Despite the growth of vegetation in a tropical rainforest, soil quality is often quite poor. Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus. The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a bright red color and sometimes produces mineral deposits such as bauxite. Most trees have roots near the surface, because there are insufficient nutrients below the surface; most of the trees' minerals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals. On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. If rainforest trees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the exposed soil surfaces, creating run-off and beginning a process of soil erosion. Eventually streams and rivers form and flooding becomes possible.
Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal products such as meat and hides. Many foods originally came from tropical forests, and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest. Also, plant-derived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungal infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems, and wound treatment.

Cloud Forests

A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and vegetation, in which case they are also referred to as mossy forests. Mossy forests usually develop on the saddles of mountains, where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained.
Dependent on local climate, the altitude varies from 500 m to 4000 m above sea level. Typically, there is a relatively small band of altitude in which the atmospheric environment is suitable for cloud forest development. This is characterized by persistent fog at the vegetation level, resulting in the reduction of direct sunlight. Within cloud forests, much of the moisture available to plants arrives in the form of fog drip, where fog condenses on tree leaves and then drips onto the ground below.
Annual rainfall can range from 500mm (19in) to 10,000mm (394in)/year and mean temperature between 8C (46F) and 20C (68F).
In comparison with lower tropical moist forests, cloud forests show a reduced tree stature combined with increased stem density and generally the lower diversity of woody plants. Trees in these regions are generally shorter and more heavily stemmed than in lower-altitude forests in the same regions, often with gnarled trunks and branches, forming dense, compact crowns. Their leaves become smaller, thicker and harder with increasing altitude. The high moisture promotes the development of a high biomass and biodiversity of lichens, ferns, bromeliads and orchids.

Weather

Jungles are characterized by high temperatures, heavy rains, high humidity, and an abundance of vegetation. The climate varies with location. Close to the equator, all seasons are nearly alike with heavy rains all year. Farther from the equator there are distinct wet (monsoon) and dry seasons. Both zones have high temperatures, heavy rainfall , and high humidity (90 percent) all year. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18C (64F) during all months of the year. Average annual rainfall is no less than 168cm (66in) and can exceed 1000cm (390in) although it typically lies between 175cm (69in) and 200cm (79in).
Average temperatures range from about 32C (89F)in the day to 21C (70F) at night. High temperatures, heavy rainfall, and oppressive humidity characterize equatorial and subtropical regions, except at high altitudes. At low altitudes, temperature variation is seldom less than 10C (50F) and is often more than 35C (95F). At altitudes over 1,500m (4900+ft), ice often forms at night. The rain has a cooling effect, but when it stops, the temperature soars.
Rainfall is heavy, often with thunder and lightning. Sudden rain beats on the tree canopy, turning trickles into raging torrents and causing rivers to rise. Just as suddenly, the rain stops. Violent storms may occur, usually toward the end of the summer months. Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons develop over the sea and rush inland, causing tidal waves and devastation ashore. Prevailing winds vary between winter and summer. The dry season has rain once a day and the monsoon has continuous rain.
Tropical day and night are of equal length. Darkness falls quickly and daybreak is just as sudden.

Plantlife

Over 200,000 species of plants thrive in rain forests. To try and list them all is folly. I'll provide some examples, however.
Here's a sample list of flora: (Note how many are food sources!)

Bamboo
Banana/Plantain
Bougainvilleas
Breadfruit
Bromeliads
Cacao
Cedar Tree
Coconut Palm
Coffee
Corpse Flower
Cottonwood
Durian Tree
Fishtail Palm
Ginger
Heliconia
Horseradish Tree
Jasmine
Kapok Tree
Lianas
Lotus
Mahogany Tree
Mango
Manioc
Mistletoe
Nipa Palm
Nutmeg
Orchids
Papaya
Paperbark
Passionfruit
Persimmon
Pitcher Plant
Rattan Palm
Rubber Tree
Sago Palm
Strangling Fig
Sugarcane
Sugar Palm
Sweetsop
Taro
Tualang
Venus Fly Trap
Water Lily
Wild Fig
Wild Rice
Yam

Wildlife

More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in jungles. Rainforests support a very broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates, felids and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, chameleons and other families; while birds include such families as vangidae and Cuculidae. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungi are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals.
"Short" list of animal types: (Remember this is D&D, so dire, mutated, and magical versions are all viable options!)

Anacondas
Baboons
Bettas
Black Eagles
Bonobos
Bushmasters
Butterflies
Caimans
Capuchin Monkeys
Capybara
Chimpanzees
Cobras
Cockatoos
Cougars
Crocodiles
Crowned Eagles
Finches
Flying Foxes
Gibbons
Gorillas
Gray Parrots
Harpy Eagle
Howler Monkeys
Hummingbirds
Jaguars
Jungle Elephants
Leaf-Cutter Ants
Lemurs
Leopards
Macaque Monkeys
Macaws
Mambas
Mandrills
Mosquitoes
Moths
Ocelots
Okapi
Orangutan
Piranhas
Poison Dart Frogs
Pythons
Rhinoceros
Rock Pythons
Sloth Bears
Spectacled Owls
Spider Monkeys
Spiders
Squirrel Monkeys
Sun Bears
Tapir
Termites
Tiger Fish
Tigers
Toucans
Water Buffalos

Survival

Besides water, the other thing you’ll need to survive in the jungle is food. Your food choices revolve around edible plants, fruit, insects and fish.
You can follow these general rules when foraging for plants:

Avoid plants with white or yellow berries.
Don’t eat mushrooms. Some are safe, but many are highly toxic and even deadly, so it’s not worth the risk.
Avoid plants with thorns.
If it tastes bitter or soapy, spit it out.
Steer clear of shiny leaves.
Stay away from plants with leaves in groups of three.
Stay away from plants with umbrella-shaped flowers.
Avoid beans or plants with seeds inside a pod.
Milky or discolored sap is a warning sign.
Avoid anything with an almond smell.

Navigation
Rates of movement and pace counts are particularly important to jungle navigators. The most common error is to overestimate the distance traveled. The distances below can be used as a rough guide for the maximum distances that might be traveled in various types of terrain during one hour in daylight.

Type of Terrain	Maximum Distance (In Meters/Feet)
Tropical Rain Forest	Up to 1,000m (3200ft)
Deciduous Forest	500m (1600ft)
Secondary jungle	100 (330ft) to 500m (1600ft)
Tall Grass	500m (1600ft)
Swamps	100 (330ft) to 300m (980ft)
Rice paddies (wet)	800m (2600ft)
Rice paddies (dry)	2,000m (6500ft)
Plantations	2,000m (6500ft)
Trails	up to 3,000m (9800ft)

General Tips

With practice, movement through thick undergrowth and jungle can be done efficiently. Always wear long sleeves to avoid cuts and scratches.
To move easily, you must develop "jungle eye," that is, you should not concentrate on the pattern of bushes and trees to your immediate front. You must focus on the jungle further out and find natural breaks in the foliage. Look through the jungle, not at it. Stop and stoop down occasionally to look along the jungle floor. This action may reveal game trails that you can follow.
Stay alert and move slowly and steadily through dense forest or jungle. Stop periodically to listen and take your bearings. Use a machete to cut through dense vegetation, but do not cut unnecessarily or you will quickly wear yourself out. If using a machete, stroke upward when cutting vines to reduce noise because sound carries long distances in the jungle. Use a stick to part the vegetation. Using a stick will also help dislodge biting ants, spiders, or snakes. Do not grasp at brush or vines when climbing slopes; they may have irritating spines or sharp thorns.
Many jungle and forest animals follow game trails. These trails wind and cross, but frequently lead to water or clearings. Use these trails if they lead in your desired direction of travel.
Take shelter from tropical rain, sun, and insects. Malaria-carrying mosquitoes and other insects are immediate dangers, so protect yourself against bites.
In the tropics, even the smallest scratch can quickly become dangerously infected. Promptly treat any wound, no matter how minor.
Even though water is abundant in most tropical environments, you may, as a survivor, have trouble finding it. If you do find water, it may not be safe to drink. Some of the many sources are vines, roots, palm trees, and condensation. You can sometimes follow animals to water. Often you can get nearly clear water from muddy streams or lakes by digging a hole in sandy soil about 1 meter from the bank. Water will seep into the hole. You must purify any water obtained in this manner.
Animals can often lead you to water. Most animals require water regularly. Grazing animals such as deer, are usually never far from water and usually drink at dawn and dusk. Converging game trails often lead to water. Carnivores (meat eaters) are not reliable indicators of water. They get moisture from the animals they eat and can go without water for long periods.
Birds can sometimes also lead you to water. Grain eaters, such as finches and pigeons, are never far from water. They drink at dawn and dusk. When they fly straight and low, they are heading for water. When returning from water, they are full and will fly from tree to tree, resting frequently. Do not rely on water birds to lead you to water. They fly long distances without stopping. Hawks, eagles, and other birds of prey get liquids from their victims; you cannot use them as a water indicator.
Insects can be good indicators of water, especially bees. Bees seldom range more than 6 kilometers from their nests or hives. They usually will have a water source in this range. Ants need water. A column of ants marching up a tree is going to a small reservoir of trapped water. You find such reservoirs even in arid areas. Most flies stay within 100 meters of water, especially the European mason fly, easily recognized by its iridescent green body.
Human tracks will usually lead to a well, bore hole, or soak. Scrub or rocks may cover it to reduce evaporation. Replace the cover after use.
Plants such as vines, roots, and palm trees are good sources of water.
Vines with rough bark and shoots about 5 centimeters thick can be a useful source of water. You must learn by experience which are the water-bearing vines, because not all have drinkable water. Some may even have a poisonous sap. The poisonous ones yield a sticky, milky sap when cut. Nonpoisonous vines will give a clear fluid. Some vines cause a skin irritation on contact; therefore let the liquid drip into your mouth, rather than put your mouth to the vine. Preferably, use some type of container.
The buri, coconut, and nipa palms all contain a sugary fluid that is very good to drink. To obtain the liquid, bend a flowering stalk of one of these palms downward, and cut off its tip. If you cut a thin slice off the stalk every 12 hours, the flow will renew, making it possible to collect up to a liter per day. Nipa palm shoots grow from the base, so that you can work at ground level. On grown trees of other species, you may have to climb them to reach a flowering stalk. Milk from coconuts has a large water content, but may contain a strong laxative in ripe nuts. Drinking too much of this milk may cause you to lose more fluid than you drink.

Monsters

I have wracked my brains across all the editions to come up with a list of monsters that are appropriate for jungle terrain. I have taken the liberty of putting them in alphabetical order, and all stats can easily be found online.

Aarakocra
Ascomoid
Assassin Vine
Awakened Plant/Animal
Baboon
Banderlog
Basidirond
Basilisk
Black Dragon
Black Garbug
Coatl
Crabfolk
Dakon
Dark Tree
Dinosaurs
Dryad
Ettercap
Fey (All varieties)
Fog Giant
Froghemoth
Giant Apes
Giant Bat
Giant Boar
Giant Crocodile
Giant Fire Beetle
Giant Frog
Giant Sundew
Green Dragon
Grippli
Hangman Tree
Harpy
Jungle Giant
Kelpie
Kenku
Lizardfolk
Mountain Giant
Myconid
Oaken Defender
Obliviax
Phantom Fungus
Phase Spiders
Quicklings
Quippers
Rhinoceros Beetle
Shambling Mounds
Shreiker
Snakes
Spiders
Stirge
Su-Monsters
Swarm of Insects
Tabaxi
Tasloi
Tendriculos
Tiger
Treant
Tri-Frond Flower
Vegepygmy
Vine Blight
Violet Fungus
Werejaguapanther
Wood Woad
Wyvern
Yuan-Ti

I hope this fires your imagination to create jungle settings that are far more than tall trees and waterfalls! Please leave a comment and let's talk!

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Reddit Fantasy Writer of the Day: Birgitte Rasine

Origin of chocolate shifts 1,400 miles and 1,500 years - Cacao was in use in South America centuries before its exploitation by civilisations in Mexico and Central America, experts say

Research suggests cacao first used 5,400 years ago: New research strengthens the case that people used the chocolate ingredient cacao in South America 5,400 years ago, underscoring the seed’s radical transformation into today’s Twix bars and MandM candies.

Uscite podcast italiane, settimana 17-22 Giugno 2017

Esco con l'elenco questa sera perché purtroppo domattina devo fiondarmi fuori casa ad orario indecente. Come sempre ho cercato le uscite più interessanti di podcast italiani pubblicati in questa settimana. Commenti e segnalazioni benvenute nei commenti.
[Scienza] Materassi vegani per ominidi - Scientificast #159
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Dai reperti del passato alla moderna informatica della Silicon Valley, passando per le solite digressioni tipo i materassi vegani e il latte al cacao.
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[Tecnologia] Digitalia #381: Con un po' di ago e filo

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Mentre a Roma propongono servizi di trasporto pubblico a guida autonoma, un autobus parte da solo. Amazon compra una grossa catena di supermercati. Wikileaks pubblica le vulnerabilità dei router usate dalla CIA. Elon Musk pubblica i suoi piani per colonizzare Marte.
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[Fantascienza] WONDER WOMAN / LA MUMMIA - MONDORAMA - FSC145
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Direttamente da FantasyMagazine, il nostro Emanuele Manco ci parlerà di due pellicole recentemente uscite. La prima è Wonder Woman di Patty Jenkins ed è basata sull'omonima supereroina dei fumetti DC Comics. Interpretata da Gal Gadot è la quarta pellicola del DC Extended Universe. La seconda pellicola è La Mummia di Alex Kurtzman con Tom Cruise, Sofia Boutella, Annabelle Wallis e Russell Crowe. Questo film è una nuova versione dell'omonimo film del 1932 e ne segna anche il reboot della saga, segnando l'avvio del nuovo media franchise e universo cinematografico Dark Universe della Universal. Buon ascolto!
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[Cinema] Ricciotto #245 - Lady Macbeth
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Un bel film di Alice Birch e William Oldroyd. L’ospite speciale di questa puntata è Lucia “Spoiler!” Rinolfi, che nonostante abbia visto il film non ne parla :) Federica ha trovato un bel pezzo di Steve Rose del Guardian sulla questione degli attori di colore nei film in costume. E per la serie: notizie accessorie, spendiamo cinque minuti buoni a fare illazioni sul perché siano stati licenziati i registi del film su Han Solo, come riporta per esempio Variety.
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[Donne] Senza RossettoS02E02 - DARIA DI ARIANNA GIORGIA BONAZZI
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Un lavoro precario e relazioni sentimentali altrettanto instabili e mentre tu ti chiedi come arrivare a fine mese il Ministero della Salute ti ricorda che «la bellezza non ha età, la fertilità sì». Mamma, zie e parenti tutti ti invitano a tendere l’orecchio al ticchettio dell’orologio biologico e ti domandano insistentemente «Ma allora, quando ce lo fai un nipotino?». E tu magari non lo vuoi neanche, quel bambino.
Arianna Giorgia Bonazzi - Autrice, traduttrice, e insegnante di storytelling. Con Fandangolibri, Feltrinelli e Rizzoli ha pubblicato romanzi, albi illustrati e manuali, sia per adulti che per ragazzi. Scrive per IL e Rivista Studio.
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[Videogiochi] Free Playing #249 - Ucronia epocale
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E3 2017, TUTTO QUELLO CHE C'ERA DA DIRE sui televisori quattro kappa!
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[Tecnologia] TechnoPillz | Ep. 15 "HEIF e il futuro prossimo della compressione delle immagini"
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Apple, nel suo prossimo sistema operativo mobile, iOS 11, q ein quello desktop, macOS 10.13 "High Sierra", lancerà HEIF come nuovo formato per la compressione delle immagini, promettendo un risparmio del 50% dello spazio occupato a parità di qualità. Ma come questa scelta, così "disruptive" nei confronti del passato potrà venire accolta dal mondo che è così tanto JPEG-based? C'è spazio per l'innovazione? E come si mantiene la compatibilità verso il basso?! Il buon Alex vi spiega perché tutto quanto andrà bene e saremo tutti felini e contenti! (Ho scritto "felini" apposta, prima che mi cazziate...)
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[Marketing] Marketing Mix Ep 17
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Libro "Piuttosto credo in me" di Alessandra Blandino (libro sullo sviluppo personale per la fiducia in se stessi e ritrovare l'autostima)
strategia efficace tra Blog e Gruppo Chiuso Facebook per acquisire autorevolezza online e acquisire clienti
Libro "Gestione del Tempo" di Brian Tracy le 21 tecniche e strategie collaudate che puoi usare immediatamente per guadagnare ore produttive ogni giorno

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[Startup, Tecnologia] Start Me Up #58. La Street Art siciliana in una guida che non è una semplice guida…
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Si chiama Street Art in Sicilia ed è una guida ai luoghi e alle opere presenti nelle principali province dell’isola. Una guida che non c’era, come spiegano Mauro Filippi e Marco Mondino in questo podcast, perché permette al lettore di trovare e conoscere le creazioni in relazione ai luoghi in cui si trovano. Mauro e Marco hanno scritto questa guida insieme a Luisa Tuttolomondo e nel corso dell’intervista cercheremo di capire come ognuno di loro abbia contribuito alla realizzazione del libro. Ho chiesto anche quale fosse il senso di scrivere un libro nel 2017 su una cosa così effimera come la Street Art e la risposta non è affatto scontata.
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[Cambiamento] Sognatori Svegli - I sogni di Gloria e di Casa Bonita
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Qual è il primo passo da fare quando siamo in cerca di una soluzione?
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Cocoa Powder Benefits and Side Effects

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[Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory] Martin Bormann, the head of the Nazi Party after Hitler's death, was the Paraguayan millionaire who fabricated the fake Golden Ticket. He did so to try and steal Wonka's business secrets.

Guide to the Jungle

Post Soundtrack

Geographical Traits

Rain Forests

Secondary Jungles

Semi-Evergreen Seasonal and Monsoon Forests

Tropical Scrub and Thorn Forests

Tropical Savannas

Swamps

Terrain

Rainforest Structure

Cloud Forests

Weather

Plantlife

Wildlife

Survival

Monsters

Soylent 2.0 Flavor Review

Reddit Fantasy Writer of the Day: Birgitte Rasine

Origin of chocolate shifts 1,400 miles and 1,500 years - Cacao was in use in South America centuries before its exploitation by civilisations in Mexico and Central America, experts say

Research suggests cacao first used 5,400 years ago: New research strengthens the case that people used the chocolate ingredient cacao in South America 5,400 years ago, underscoring the seed’s radical transformation into today’s Twix bars and MandM candies.

Uscite podcast italiane, settimana 17-22 Giugno 2017

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